![]() ![]() In both groups patients performed (twice daily) physiotherapy exercises such as breathing, airway clearing, metabolic, and motor exercises. In this study a small group (n = 60) of postcardiac surgery (elective coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve replacement) patients were randomized into a conventional physical therapy group and a VR-assisted physical therapy group. ![]() In the context of thoracic oncology some literature is available on the augmentation of the surgical view by using indocyanine-green fluorescence imaging for lymph node detection.Ī VR interface was used successfully as an adjunct to already existing post–cardiac surgery rehabilitation protocols. Another interesting application of real-time augmentation of the surgical field is the application of AR to visually guide the detection of lymph nodes or small intrathoracic nodules. This initial study emphasizes the feasibility of the intraoperative use of XR to improve the accuracy and surgical outcomes in cardiothoracic surgery. All nodules were localized and resected successfully. A preprocedural 3D reconstruction of the lung nodules was performed in 8 patients based on cone-beam CT images, which were converted into augmented fluoroscopic images overprojecting the video-assisted thoracic procedure to guide the surgeon in locating the targeted nodules. Below and in Table 1 we briefly highlight studies carried out in the context of XR for preoperative surgical planning in congenital, adult cardiac, and thoracic surgery.ĭescribed an intraoperative guidance technique using cone-beam CT for small pulmonary nodule localization to direct lung resection during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with augmented fluoroscopy overprojecting the real-time surgical field. This can lead to a better preoperative selection of patients who are suitable for segmental anatomic resections. For example for the surgical planning of segment resections of the lung XR modalities enable the surgeon to verify whether the tumor is indeed inside the anatomic borders of a particular segment. Another essential prospect of use is associated with better identification of the relation between different structures inside an organ. Moreover VR- and AR-generated images offer a better (3D) interpretation of anatomic structures, and MR also enables the user to interact, analyze, and edit these virtual anatomic objects without obstructing the normal visual view. In addition they provide better preoperative awareness of rare anatomic abnormalities. For example compared with conventional imaging techniques, XR modalities offer the user a 3D and more realistic representation of the surgical target ( Figure 2, Figure 3).
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